Linux-Commands Cheat Sheet Edit Cheat Sheet

Mailx  will  respond  by typing its version number and date and then listing the messages

XOrgFoundation(7),  XStandards(7),  Xsecurity(7), appres(1), bdftopcf(1), bitmap(1), editres(1),
Xdmx(1), Xephyr(1), Xnest(1), Xquartz(1), Xvfb(1), Xvnc(1), XWin(1).  Xlib - C Language X Inter-
X Window System is a trademark of The Open Group.
X Version 11                                 xorg-docs 1.7                                         X(7)

a2disconf charset

a2dismod mime_magic

a2dissite 000-default

a2enconf security

a2enmod imagemap

abcde  Will work in most systems
abcde -d /dev/cdrom2
abcde -o vorbis,flac
abcde -o vorbis:"-b 192"
abcde -W 1
abcde -d singletrack.flac
abcde requires the following backend tools to work:
abcde(1)

alsaloop -C hw:0,0 -P hw:1,0 -t 50000
alsaloop  is  by  Jaroslav  Kysela  <[email protected]>.   This  document  is  by  Jaroslav  Kysela

amidi -p hw:0 -s my_settings.syx
amidi -S 'F0 43 10 4C 00 00 7E 00 F7'
amidi -p hw:1,2 -S F0411042110C000000000074F7 -r dump.syx -t 1
amidi -p virtual -d

amixer -c 1 sset Line,0 80%,40% unmute cap
amixer -c 1 -- sset Master playback -20dB
amixer -c 1 set PCM 2dB+
amixer -c 2 cset iface=MIXER,name='Line Playback Volume",index=1 40%
amixer -c 2 cset numid=34 40%
amixer   is   by   Jaroslav   Kysela   <[email protected]>.   This  document  is  by  Paul  Winkler

aplay -c 1 -t raw -r 22050 -f mu_law foobar

apt-ftparchive packages directory | gzip > Packages.gz
apt-ftparchive returns zero on normal operation, decimal 100 on error.

apt-show-versions
apt-show-versions -u
apt-show-versions -a -p libc6
apt-show-versions dpkg apt
apt-show-versions -r ^texlive

apturl apt:pidgin,pidgin-plugin-pack
apturl apt:freevial?section=universe
apturl apt:adobe-flashplugin?channel=lucid-partner
apturl apt+http://launchpad.net/~mvo/ppa?package=2vcard
apturl was written by Michael Vogt <[email protected]> for Canonical, Ltd. and this manual

arecord -d 10 -f cd -t wav -D copy foobar.wav
arecord -t wav --max-file-time 30 mon.wav
arecord -f cd -t wav --max-file-time 3600 --use-strftime %Y/%m/%d/listen-%H-%M-%v.wav
arecord and aplay are by Jaroslav Kysela <[email protected]>  This  document  is  by  Paul  Winkler

arpd -b /var/tmp/arpd.db
arpd -b /var/tmp/arpd.db -a 1 eth0 eth1
arpd -b /var/tmp/arpd.db -a 3 -k eth0 eth1

avconv -f oss -i /dev/dsp -f video4linux2 -i /dev/video0 /tmp/out.mpg
avconv -f x11grab -s cif -r 25 -i :0.0 /tmp/out.mpg
avconv -f x11grab -s cif -r 25 -i :0.0+10,20 /tmp/out.mpg
avconv -i /tmp/test%d.Y /tmp/out.mpg
avconv -i /tmp/test.yuv /tmp/out.avi
avconv -i mydivx.avi hugefile.yuv
avconv -i /tmp/a.wav -s 640x480 -i /tmp/a.yuv /tmp/a.mpg
avconv -i /tmp/a.wav -ar 22050 /tmp/a.mp2
avconv -i /tmp/a.wav -map 0:a -b 64k /tmp/a.mp2 -map 0:a -b 128k /tmp/b.mp2
avconv -i snatch_1.vob -f avi -c:v mpeg4 -b:v 800k -g 300 -bf 2 -c:a libmp3lame -b:a 128k snatch.avi

awk '/myhome.html/ { system("nmap " $1 ">> logdir/myhome.html") }'

bar-brace-foreground: red
bar-brace-bold: no
bar-foreground: yellow
bar-bold: yes

basename /usr/bin/sort
basename include/stdio.h .h
basename -s .h include/stdio.h
basename -a any/str1 any/str2

bpsync put
bpsync get
bpsync get mydev

byobu-ugraph "(/usr/lib/byobu/mem_used | sed -e 's/% //g';echo)"
byobu-ugraph -m 3.0 -f $file

byobu-ulevel 27
byobu-ulevel -c 27
byobu-ulevel -c 1.100001 -m -5.00234 -x 2.71828 -t dice_6
byobu-ulevel -m -22.613 -x 5.00212 -c 0.10203 -a -e 0
byobu-ulevel -c 83 -t stars_2
byobu-ulevel -c 60 -t diamonds_2 -ri
byobu-ulevel -l -t solid_numbers_a_10
byobu-ulevel -c 666.321 -m -273.15 -x 1370 -u ". " -w 10
byobu-ulevel -c 50 -u "a b c d e f g h i j"

cat f - g
cat    Copy standard input to standard output.

cdparanoia -vsQ
cdparanoia -B
cdparanoia "1[:30.12]-1[1:10]"
cdparanoia -- -3
cdparanoia  sprang  from  and  once  drew  heavily  from  the  interface  of  Heiko  Eissfeldt's
cdparanoia's homepage may be found at: http://www.xiph.org/paranoia/

chacl u::rwx,g::r-x,o::r-- file
chacl u::rwx,g::r-x,o::r--,u:bob:r--,m::r-x file1 file2
chacl -b `chacl -l olddir | \
chacl can replace the existing ACL.  To add or delete entries, you must first do chacl -l to get

chgrp staff /u
chgrp -hR staff /u

chown root /u
chown root:staff /u
chown -hR root /u
chown(2)

comm -12 file1 file2
comm -3 file1 file2

cryptsetup-reencrypt /dev/sdb1
cryptsetup-reencrypt /dev/sdb1 -c aes-xts-plain64
cryptsetup-reencrypt /dev/sdb1 --new --reduce-device-size 4096
cryptsetup-reencrypt                           June 2012                        CRYPTSETUP-REENCRYPT(8)

cupsctl
cupsctl --debug-logging
cupsctl | grep '^_debug_logging' | awk -F= '{print $2}'
cupsctl --no-share-printers

date,  and numbers.  An empty string indicates the beginning of the day.  The date string format

dbus-launch --exit-with-session gnome-session
dbus-launch --exit-with-session openbox
dbus-launch --exit-with-session ~/.xsession

dbwrap_tool --persistent winbindd_idmap.tdb listkeys
dbwrap_tool --persistent winbindd_idmap.tdb fetch "USER HWM" uint32
dbwrap_tool --persistent winbindd_idmap.tdb remove "USER HWM"
dbwrap_tool --persistent winbindd_idmap.tdb store "USER HWM" hex D6000000

dcut makes use of the dput configuration files:

ddate(1)  will produce undefined behavior if asked to produce the date for St. Tib's day and its

debconf --frontend=readline sh -x my-shell-prog
debconf-devel(7), debconf(7)

debconf-apt-progress -- aptitude -y install gnome x-window-system-dev
debconf-apt-progress --start
debconf-apt-progress --from 0 --to 45 -- apt-get -y install gnome
debconf-apt-progress --from 45 --to 90 -- apt-get -y install kde
debconf-apt-progress --from 90 --to 100 -- apt-get -y install xfce4
debconf-apt-progress --stop

debconf-copydb configdb backup
debconf-copydb configdb newdb --pattern='^slrn/' \
debconf-copydb configdb stdout -c Name:stdout -c Driver:Pipe \
debconf-copydb configdb pipe --config=Name:pipe \

debsecan --suite suite --format packages --only-fixed
debsecan --suite suite --format report \
debsecan was written by Florian Weimer.

debsnap -a amd64 xterm 256-1
debsnap -a armel xterm
debsnap --binary xterm 256-1
debsnap --binary xterm

debuild -i -us -uc -b
debuild --lintian-opts -i
debuild -k0x12345678

devhelp
devhelp -s search-string

dget --all mypackage=1.2-1
dget package should be implemented in apt-get install -d.

dh binary-arch --no-act
dh $@
dh $@
dh_strip -Xfoo
dh_auto_configure -- --with-foo --disable-bar
dh $@
dh $@
dh_fixperms
dh $@ --with autotools_dev
dh $@ --with python2
dh $@ --buildsystem=perl_build
dh $@ --sourcedirectory=src
dh $@ --builddirectory=build
dh $@ --parallel
dh $@

dh_autotools-dev_restoreconfig is usually called indirectly in a rules file via the dh command.
dh_autotools-dev_restoreconfig

dh_autotools-dev_updateconfig is usually called indirectly in a rules file via the dh command.
dh_autotools-dev_updateconfig

dh_link usr/share/man/man1/foo.1 usr/share/man/man1/bar.1
dh_link var/lib/foo usr/lib/foo \

dh_makeshlibs
dh_makeshlibs -V
dh_makeshlibs -V 'libfoobar1 (>= 1.0)'

dh_shlibdeps
dh_shlibdeps -Llibbar1 -l/usr/lib/bar

dirname /usr/bin/
dirname dir1/str dir2/str
dirname stdio.h

dirsplit is created by Eduard Bloch ([email protected]) and is licensed under the GPLv2.
dirsplit 0.3                                   March 2004                                   DIRSPLIT(1)

dotty(1),tcldot(n),xcolors(1),libgraph(3).

dpkg -l '*vi*'
dpkg --print-avail elvis vim | less
dpkg -r elvis
dpkg -i vim_4.5-3.deb
dpkg --get-selections >myselections
dpkg --merge-avail "$avail"
dpkg --clear-selections
dpkg --set-selections <myselections
dpkg.cfg(5), and dpkg-reconfigure(8).

dpkg-architecture -elinux-alpha
dpkg-architecture -amips -elinux-mips
dpkg-architecture -ilinux-any
dpkg-architecture -ai386 -ilinux-any

dpkg-buildflags and storing the build flags in make variables.

dpkg-divert --divert /usr/bin/example.foo --rename /usr/bin/example
dpkg-divert --rename --remove /usr/bin/example
dpkg-divert --package wibble --divert /usr/bin/example.foo --rename /usr/bin/example
dpkg-divert --package wibble --rename --remove /usr/bin/example

dpkg-name bar-foo.deb

duplicity /home/me sftp://[email protected]/some_dir
duplicity full /home/me sftp://[email protected]/some_dir
duplicity --full-if-older-than 1M /home/me sftp://[email protected]/some_dir
duplicity sftp://[email protected]/some_dir /home/me
duplicity -t 3D --file-to-restore Mail/article sftp://[email protected]/some_dir
duplicity verify sftp://[email protected]/some_dir /home/me
duplicity --exclude /mnt --exclude /tmp --exclude /proc / file:///usr/local/backup
duplicity --include /home --include /etc --exclude '**' / file:///usr/local/backup
duplicity detects in what mode it should switch to by the order of target URL and local folder.

eject
eject cdrom
eject /dev/cdrom
eject /mnt/cdrom/
eject hdd
eject sda
eject sda4
eject -v -c4 /dev/cdrom
eject -a on /dev/sbpcd

fakeroot  was  specifically  written to enable users to create Debian GNU/Linux packages (in the
fakeroot is a regular, non-setuid program. It does not enhance a user's privileges, or  decrease
fakeroot  environment,  it  should  be  set  relative  to  the   given   paths,   as   in
fakeroot doesn't wrap open(), create(), etc. So, if user joost does either
fakeroot
fakeroot
fakeroot has no way of knowing that in the first case, the owner of foo really should  be
fakeroot  .   It turned out that a minor upgrade of libc (from one where the stat() func-
fakeroot, in effect, is changing the way the system behaves. Programs that probe the sys-

fc-list
fc-list :lang=hi
fc-list : family style file spacing

fiascotopnm foo.wfa >foo.ppm
fiascotopnm -o foo1.wfa foo2.wfa
fiascotopnm -oimage foo1.wfa
fiascotopnm --fast --magnify=-1 --double video.wfa >stream.ppm

file.c:   C program text
file:     ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV),
file.c:      text/x-c
file:        application/x-executable
file returns 0 on success, and non-zero on error.

filterdiff -i '*.c' --lines=-5 < patch
filterdiff -#1 patchfile
filterdiff -p1 Changelog
filterdiff --lines=1 patchfile | lsdiff | \
filterdiff -p1 -i file.c -#2- foo-patch
filterdiff -#1,2,5-8,10,12,27-
filterdiff --as-numbered-lines=after patch.file
filterdiff --as-numbered-lines=before
filterdiff -v --format=unified context.diff

find /tmp -name core -type f -print | xargs /bin/rm -f
find /tmp -name core -type f -print0 | xargs -0 /bin/rm -f
find . -type f -exec file '{}' \;
find / \
find $HOME -mtime 0
find /sbin /usr/sbin -executable \! -readable -print
find . -perm 664
find . -perm -664
find . -perm /222
find . -perm /220
find . -perm /u+w,g+w
find . -perm /u=w,g=w
find . -perm -220
find . -perm -g+w,u+w
find . -perm -444 -perm /222 ! -perm /111
find . -perm -a+r -perm /a+w ! -perm /a+x
find . -name .snapshot -prune -o \( \! -name *~ -print0 \)|

findmnt --fstab -t nfs
findmnt --fstab /mnt/foo
findmnt --fstab --target /mnt/foo
findmnt --fstab --evaluate
findmnt -n --raw --evaluate --output=target LABEL=/boot
findmnt --poll --target /mnt/foo
findmnt --poll=umount --first-only --target /mnt/foo
findmnt --poll=remount -t ext3 -O ro

foo2hbpl2-wrapper(1), hbpldecode(1)

foo2hbpl2-wrapper testpage.ps > testpage.prn
foo2hbpl2-wrapper -c testpage.ps > testpage.prn

foo2hiperc-wrapper(1), hipercdecode(1)

foo2hiperc-wrapper testpage.ps > testpage.hc
foo2hiperc-wrapper -c testpage.ps > testpage.hc

foo2hp2600-wrapper(1), zjsdecode(1)

foo2hp2600-wrapper testpage.ps > testpage.zm
foo2hp2600-wrapper -c testpage.ps > testpage.zc

foo2lava-wrapper(1), lavadecode(1)

foo2lava-wrapper testpage.ps > testpage.zm
foo2lava-wrapper -c testpage.ps > testpage.zc

foo2oak-wrapper(1), oakdecode(1)

foo2oak-wrapper testpage.ps > testpage.oak
foo2oak-wrapper -c testpage.ps > testpage.oak

foo2qpdl-wrapper(1), qpdldecode(1)

foo2qpdl-wrapper testpage.ps > testpage.zm
foo2qpdl-wrapper -c testpage.ps > testpage.zc

foo2slx-wrapper(1), slxdecode(1)

foo2slx-wrapper testpage.ps > testpage.zm
foo2slx-wrapper -c testpage.ps > testpage.zc

foo2xqx-wrapper(1), xqxdecode(1)

foo2xqx-wrapper testpage.ps > testpage.xqx

foo2zjs-wrapper(1), zjsdecode(1)

foo2zjs-wrapper testpage.ps > testpage.zm
foo2zjs-wrapper -c testpage.ps > testpage.zc

fstab-decode umount $(awk '$3 == vfat { print $2 }' /etc/fstab)

funzip test.zip | more
funzip test.zip > /dev/null

fuser -km /home
fuser telnet/tcp
fuser  may  only  be able to gather partial information unless run with privileges.  As a conse-
fuser -m /dev/sgX will show (or kill with the -k flag) all processes, even  if  you  don't  have
fuser  cannot  report  on  any  processes  that  it  doesn't have permission to look at the file

gconftool-2 --get /desktop/gnome/background/picture_filename
gconftool-2 --type string --set /desktop/gnome/interface/font_name "Serif 12"
gconftool-2 2.2.1                            February 2006                               GCONFTOOL-2(1)

gconftool-2 --get /desktop/gnome/background/picture_filename
gconftool-2 --type string --set /desktop/gnome/interface/font_name "Serif 12"
gconftool-2 2.2.1                            February 2006                               GCONFTOOL-2(1)

gem1.9.1 install rake
gem1.9.1 list --local
gem1.9.1 build package.gemspec
gem1.9.1 help install
gem1.9.1 1.0.0                                  Dec 2007                                    GEM1.9.1(1)

gem1.9.1 install rake
gem1.9.1 list --local
gem1.9.1 build package.gemspec
gem1.9.1 help install
gem1.9.1 1.0.0                                  Dec 2007                                    GEM1.9.1(1)

genisoimage may safely be installed suid root. This may be needed to allow genisoimage  to  read

getbuildlog hello 2\.2-1 amd64
getbuildlog glibc "" mips.*
getbuildlog wesnoth .*bpo.*

getopt(3) can parse long options with optional arguments that are given an empty optional  argu-
getopt(3), bash(1), tcsh(1).

gitk v2.6.12.. include/scsi drivers/scsi
gitk --since="2 weeks ago" -- gitk
gitk --max-count=100 --all -- Makefile

gnome-open www.gnome.org
gnome-open Spinach.odf
gnome-open ~
gnome-open mailto:[email protected]
gnome-open /usr/share/applications/gedit.desktop

gpg -se -r Bob file
gpg --clearsign file
gpg -sb file
gpg -u 0x12345678 -sb file
gpg --list-keys user_ID
gpg --fingerprint user_ID
gpg --verify pgpfile
gpg --verify sigfile
gpgsm  also  accepts colons between each pair of hexadecimal digits because this is the de-facto

gpg-agent.conf

gpg-zip --encrypt --output test1 --gpg-args  -r Bob"" mydocs
gpg-zip --list-archive test1

gpgv pgpfile
gpgv sigfile [datafile]

gpo
gpo update && gpo download
gpo search linux outlaws
gpo youtube http://youtube.com/watch?v=oHg5SJYRHA0
gpo webui
gpo pipe
gpodder(1)
gpodder 3.5.2                                September 2013                                      GPO(1)

groff -p -t -me -T latin1 foo.me
groffer foo.me
groff source package.
groff.
groff is a GNU free software project.  All parts of the groff package are protected by GNU copy-
groffer(1), gxditview(1), xditview(1x).
groff(1), grog(1).
groff(7), groff_char(7), groff_diff(7), groff_font(5).
groff_out(7).
groff_tmac(5),  groff_man(7),  groff_mdoc(7),  groff_me(7),  groff_mm(7),  groff_mmse(7),
groff_mom(7), groff_ms(7), groff_www(7), groff_trace(7), mmroff(7).

grog meintro.me
grog pic.ms
grog meintro.me pic.ms
grog: error: there are several macro packages: -me -ms
grog -ksS -Tdvi grnexmpl.g

growisofs -Z /dev/dvd -R -J /some/files
growisofs -M /dev/dvd -R -J /more/files
growisofs -M /dev/dvd=/dev/zero
growisofs -dvd-compat -Z /dev/dvd=image.iso
growisofs is distributed under GNU GPL.

gvmap.sh -Ae -Ecolor=#55555522 -Tpng foo.gv > foo.png
gvmap.sh(1), sfdp(1), neato(1), gvpr(1)

gvmap.sh -Ae -Ecolor=#55555522 -Tpng foo.gv > foo.png

gvpack unsets the bounding box attribute of all non-cluster subgraphs.

gvpr -i 'N[color=="blue"]' file.gv
gvpr -c 'N[color=="blue"]{color = "red"}' file.gv
gvpr -c ""

h2xs rpcsvc/rusers
h2xs -n RUSERS rpcsvc/rusers
h2xs rpcsvc::rusers
h2xs -n ONC::RPC rpcsvc/rusers
h2xs -c rpcsvc/rusers
h2xs -cfn RPC
h2xs -cfn ONC::RPC
h2xs -X My::Module
h2xs -b 5.5.3 -n Lib::Foo foo.h
h2xs -b 5.5.3 -e '^bar_' -n Lib::Foo foo.h
h2xs rpcsvc/rusers -L/opt/net/lib -lrpc
h2xs -n DCE::rgynbase -p sec_rgy_ dce/rgynbase
h2xs -n DCE::rgynbase -p sec_rgy_ \
h2xs -xAn perl1 -F "-DEXT=extern -DdEXT= -DINIT\(x\)=" perl.h
h2xs -xAn perl2 perl.h,proto.h
h2xs -M '^av_' -xAn perl2 perl.h,proto.h
h2xs -o '^[S]V \*$' -M '^av_' -xAn perl2 perl.h,proto.h
h2xs -Afn Ext::Ension
h2xs -Oxan Ext::Ension interface_simple.h interface_hairy.h
h2xs looks for header files after changing to the extension directory, so it will find your

hp-probe -bnet
hp-probe -busb -escan
hp-probe -bnet -slnx -escan,pcard
hp-probe -bcups
hp-probe

htdbm /usr/local/etc/apache/.htdbm-users jsmith
htdbm -c /home/doe/public_html/.htdbm jane
htdbm -mb /usr/web/.htdbm-all jones Pwd4Steve

htpasswd /usr/local/etc/apache/.htpasswd-users jsmith
htpasswd will do nothing except return an error.
htpasswd -c /home/doe/public_html/.htpasswd jane
htpasswd will display a message and return an error status.
htpasswd -db /usr/web/.htpasswd-all jones Pwd4Steve

httxt2dbm -i rewritemap.txt -o rewritemap.dbm
httxt2dbm -f SDBM -i rewritemap.txt -o rewritemap.dbm

ibus-table-createdb -n ipa-x-sampa.db -s ipa-x-sampa.txt
ibus-table-createdb -i -n ipa-x-sampa.db

iecset -Dhw:1
iecset -x
iecset pro off audio off

ifdown -a

ifquery -l
ifquery -l --allow=hotplug
ifquery eth0

ifup -a
ifup eth0
ifup eth0=home
ifup, ifdown, and ifquery are actually the same program called by different names.

igawk -f test.awk

info   show top-level dir menu
info info
info info-stnd
info emacs
info emacs buffers
info --show-options emacs
info --subnodes -o out.txt emacs
info -f ./foo.info
[email protected].
info info
info 5.2                                     September 2013                                     INFO(1)

inkscape filename.svg
inkscape filename.svg -p '| lpr'
inkscape filename.svg --export-png=filename.png
inkscape filename.svg --export-png=filename.png -w600 -h400
inkscape filename.svg --export-png=filename.png --export-area-drawing
inkscape filename.svg --export-id=text1555 --export-use-hints
inkscape filename.svg --export-id=text1555 --export-png=text.png --export-area-snap
inkscape filename1.svg --export-plain-svg=filename2.svg
inkscape filename.svg --export-eps=filename.eps --export-text-to-path
inkscape filename.svg --query-width --query-id text1555
inkscape filename.svg --select=path1555 --verb=EditDuplicate --verb=ObjectRotate90 --verb=FileSave --verb=FileClose

intel_gpu_top -o "cairo-trace-gvim.log" -s 100 -e "cairo-perf-trace /tmp/gvim"

intel_reg_read 0x61230

intel_reg_write 0x61230 0x0

interdiff -z 3.2pre1.patch.gz 3.2pre2.patch.gz
interdiff patch /dev/null
interdiff /dev/stdin /dev/null
interdiff. In this case, the strategy employed is to revert the original patch and apply the new

intltool-update --pot --gettext-package=foo
intltool-update --dist --gettext-package=bar --output-file=xy1.po xy
intltool-update xy

ipptool ipp://localhost/printers/myprinter get-completed-jobs.test
ipptool -d recipient=mailto:[email protected]         ipp://localhost/printers/myprinter create-printer-subscription.test
ipptoolfile(5), RFC 2911,

itweb-settings
itweb-settings reset deployment.proxy.type

join-dctrl(1)

jpegtopnm foo.jpg >foo.ppm
jpegtopnm foo.jpg | ppmtopgm | pnmscale .25
jpegtopnm and this man page were derived in large part  from  djpeg,  by  the  Independent  JPEG

json_pp -f json -t dumper -json_opt pretty,utf8,allow_bignum
json_pp -f json -t dumper -json_opt pretty

json_xs -t none <isitreally.json
json_xs -f storable-file <file
json_xs -f storable-file -t yaml <file
json_xs -f none -e '$_ = [1, 2, 3]'

keytool -genkeypair -dname "cn=Mark Jones, ou=Java, o=Oracle, c=US"
keytool -genkeypair
keytool -certreq -file MarkJ.csr

kill -9 -1
kill -l 11
kill -L
kill 123 543 2341 3453
kill(2), killall(1), nice(1), pkill(1), renice(1), signal(7), skill(1)

knock myserver.example.com 123:tcp 456:udp 789:tcp
knock -u myserver.example.com 8284 4721 18592 42912
knockd is the accompanying port-knock server.
knockd 0.5                                   June 26, 2005                                     knock(1)

lame sample.wav sample.mp3
lame -h sample.wav sample.mp3
lame -b 112 sample.wav sample.mp3
lame -m s sample.wav sample.mp3
lame -f sample.wav sample.mp3
lame -h -V 6 sample.wav sample.mp3
lame --preset standard sample.wav sample.mp3

lexgrog  attempts  to  parse  files containing .so requests, but will only be able to do so cor-

lft, the sysadmin needs to read the file /usr/share/doc/lft/HOWTO-UsersLFT.txt and follow the

liblinear-predict -b 1 test_file data_file.model output_file
liblinear-predict was written by the LIBLINEAR authors at National  Taiwan  university  for  the

liblinear-train data_file
liblinear-train -s 0 data_file
liblinear-train -v 5 -e 0.001 data_file
liblinear-train -c 10 -w1 2 -w2 5 -w3 2 four_class_data_file
liblinear-train -c 10 -w3 1 -w2 5 two_class_data_file
liblinear-train  was written by the LIBLINEAR authors at National Taiwan university for the LIB-

libvirt-migrate-qemu-disks is Copyright 2010, Canonical Ltd.
libvirt-migrate-qemu-disks and this manual page  was  originally  written  by  Jamie  Strandboge

libvirt-migrate-qemu-machinetype is Copyright 2012, Canonical Ltd.
libvirt-migrate-qemu-machinetype by Serge Hallyn <[email protected]>.

libvirtd (libvirt) 0.8.2
libvirtd is distributed under the terms of the GNU LGPL v2.1+.  This is free software; see the

lintian-info(1), Lintian User Manual (file:/usr/share/doc/lintian/lintian.html/index.html)

localedef -f UTF-8 -i fi_FI fi_FI.UTF-8
localedef -f UTF-8 -i fi_FI ./

locate -b '\NAME'
locate attempts to be compatible to slocate (without the options used  for  creating  databases)

lockfile-create /some/file

lockfile-remove /some/file

lockfile-touch /some/file &

logger System rebooted
logger -p local0.notice -t HOSTIDM -f /dev/idmc
logger -n loghost.example.com System rebooted

lp -d foo -o media=legal -o sides=two-sided-long-edge filename
lp -d bar -o scaling=200 filename
lp -d bar -o cpi=12 -o lpi=8 -o page-left=72 filename

lsdiff patch | sort -u | \
lsdiff -s patch | grep '^+' | \
lsdiff -n patch | (while read n file

lshw -short
lshw -class disk -class storage
lshw -html -class network
lshw -disable dmi
lshw is distributed under the GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE (GPL) version 2.
lshw is maintained by Lyonel Vincent <[email protected]>.

lsof distribution.
lsof
lsof -i -U
lsof -i 4 -a -p 1234
lsof -i 6
lsof -i @wonderland.cc.purdue.edu:513-515
lsof -i @mace
lsof -p 456,123,789 -u 1234,abe
lsof /dev/hd4
lsof /u/abe/foo
lsof /dev/log
lsof -b /nfs/mount/point
lsof -bw /nfs/mount/point
lsof -Di
lsof -FpcfDi
lsof -c lsof -a -d 1 -d 3 -u abe -r10
lsof -c /^..o.$/i -a -d cwd
lsof [email protected]
lsof -i@[0:1:2:3:4:5:6:7]
lsof -i@[::1]
lsof -rm====%T====

man ls
man -a intro
man -t alias | lpr -Pps
man -l -Tdvi ./foo.1x.gz > ./foo.1x.dvi
man -k printf
man -f smail
man will search for the desired manual pages within the index database caches. If the -u  option
man will compress and store the cat file in the background.

mawk, on the other hand, allows RS to be a regular expression.  When "\n" appears in records, it

meld
meld FILE1
meld DIR1
meld FILE1 FILE2
meld FILE1 FILE2 FILE3
meld DIR1 DIR2
meld DIR1 DIR2 DIR3
meld --diff FILE1 FILE2 --diff FILE3 FILE4

mkinitramfs -o ~/tmp/initramfs-$(uname -r)
mkinitramfs -k -o ~/tmp/initramfs-2.6.21-686 2.6.21-686

mlocate                                         Sep 2012                                      locate(1)

ncat example.org 8080
ncat -l 8080
ncat --sh-exec "ncat example.org 80" -l 8080 --keep-open
ncat --exec "/bin/bash" -l 8081 --keep-open
ncat --exec "/bin/bash" --max-conns 3 --allow 192.168.0.0/24 -l 8081 --keep-open
ncat --proxy socks4host --proxy-type socks4 --proxy-auth user smtphost 25
ncat -l --proxy-type http localhost 8888

nmblookup can be used to query a WINS server (in the same way nslookup is used to query DNS
nmblookup -U server -R 'name'
nmblookup -U samba.org -R 'IRIX#1B'

nmcli -t -f RUNNING nm
nmcli -t -f STATE nm
nmcli nm wifi off
nmcli -p con list
nmcli -f name,autoconnect con list
nmcli con list id "My wired connection"
nmcli -p con up id "My wired connection" iface eth0
nmcli con up uuid 6b028a27-6dc9-4411-9886-e9ad1dd43761 ap 00:3A:98:7C:42:D3
nmcli dev status
nmcli dev disconnect iface em2
nmcli -f GENERAL,WIFI-PROPERTIES dev list iface wlan0
nmcli dev wifi
nmcli dev wifi con "Cafe Hotspot 1" password caffeine name "My cafe"

ntfs-3g /dev/sda1 /mnt/windows
ntfs-3g -o permissions /dev/sda3 /mnt/data
ntfs-3g /dev/sda5 /home/user/mnt -o ro,uid=1000
ntfs-3g was based on and a major improvement to ntfsmount and libntfs which were written by Yura
ntfs-3g.probe(8), ntfsprogs(8), attr(5), getfattr(1)
ntfs-3g 2013.1.13AR.1                           May 2012                                     NTFS-3G(8)

ntfs-3g.secaudit -ar /dev/sda1
ntfs-3g.secaudit /dev/sda5 /audio/music
ntfs-3g.secaudit -r /dev/sda5 644 /audio/music
ntfs-3g.secaudit exits with a value of 0 when no error was detected, and with a value of 1  when
ntfs-3g.secaudit has been developed by Jean-Pierre Andre.
ntfs-3g.secaudit 1.4.1                       February 2010                          NTFS-3G.SECAUDIT(8)

ntfs-3g.usermap /dev/sda1
ntfs-3g.usermap  exits  with a value of 0 when no error was detected, and with a value of 1 when
ntfs-3g.usermap 1.1.2                        February 2010                           NTFS-3G.USERMAP(8)

ntfscat /dev/hda1 boot.ini
ntfscat /dev/hda1 /winnt/system32/drivers/etc/hosts
ntfscat /dev/hda1 -a INDEX_ROOT -i 5 | hexdump -C
ntfscat was written by Richard Russon, Anton Altaparmakov and Szabolcs Szakacsits.  It was port-
ntfscat is part of the ntfs-3g package and is available from:

ntfsclone --overwrite /dev/hdc1 /dev/hda1
ntfsclone --save-image --output backup.img /dev/hda1
ntfsclone --restore-image --overwrite /dev/hda1 backup.img
ntfsclone --save-image -o - /dev/hda1 | gzip -c > backup.img.gz
ntfsclone --restore-image --overwrite /dev/hda1 -
ntfsclone --save-image --output - /dev/hda1 | \
ntfsclone --restore-image --overwrite /dev/hda1 -
ntfsclone --restore-image --overwrite /dev/hda1 -
ntfsclone --output ntfs-clone.img /dev/hda1
ntfsclone --metadata --output ntfsmeta.img /dev/hda1
ntfsclone -mst --output - /dev/hda1 | bzip2 > ntfsmeta.bz2
ntfsclone was written by Szabolcs Szakacsits with contributions from Per Olofsson (special image
ntfsclone is part of the ntfs-3g package and is available at:

ntfscluster /dev/hda1
ntfscluster -c 0-500 /dev/hda1
ntfscluster was written by Richard Russon, with contributions from Anton Altaparmakov.   It  was
ntfscluster is part of the ntfs-3g package and is available from:

ntfscp /dev/hda1 /home/user/new_boot.ini boot.ini
ntfscp -N stream /dev/hda1 myfile /some/path
ntfscp  was  written by Yura Pakhuchiy, with contributions from Anton Altaparmakov and Hil Liao.
ntfscp is part of the ntfs-3g package and is available from:

ntfsundelete /dev/hda1
ntfsundelete /dev/hda1 -s -m '*.doc'
ntfsundelete /dev/hda1 -S 5k-6m -p 90
ntfsundelete /dev/hda1 -t 2d
ntfsundelete /dev/sda1 -u -i 2,5,100-131
ntfsundelete /dev/hda1 -u -i 3689 -o work.doc -d ~
ntfsundelete /dev/hda1 -c 3689-3690 -o debug
ntfsundelete was written by Richard Russon and Holger Ohmacht, with contributions from Anton Al-
ntfsundelete is part of the ntfs-3g package and is available from:

od -A x -t x1z -v
od -A o -t oS -w16

ogg123 test.ogg
ogg123 ~/music
ogg123 -d oss test.ogg
ogg123 -d oss -o dsp:/dev/mydsp
ogg123 -d esd test.ogg
ogg123 -d wav -f test.wav test.ogg
ogg123 -d oss -d wav -f test.wav test.ogg
ogg123 -d oss -o dsp:/dev/mydsp -d raw -f test2.raw -o byteorder:big test.ogg
ogg123  -d  oss -d wav -f 1.wav -d wav -f 2.wav -d wav -f 3.wav -d wav -f 4.wav -d wav -f
ogg123 -d esd -d esd test.ogg

oggdec enabler.ogg
oggdec --raw=1 enabler.ogg
oggdec -b 8 -s 0 -o enabler.crazymonkey enabler.ogg
oggdec -R -e 1 -b 16 enabler.ogg
oggdec -R -e 1 -b 16 -o enabler.raw - < enabler.ogg
oggdec -R -e 1 -b 16 - < enabler.ogg > enabler.raw
oggdec *.ogg

oggenc somefile.wav
oggenc somefile.wav -o out.ogg
oggenc infile.wav -b 256 -o out.ogg
oggenc infile.wav --managed -b 128 -M 160 -o out.ogg
oggenc infile.wav -q 6 -o out.ogg
oggenc --resample 11025 --downmix infile.wav -q 1 -o out.ogg
oggenc somefile.wav -t "The track title" -a "artist  who  performed  this"  -l  "name  of
oggenc somefile.wav --lyrics lyrics.lrc --lyrics-language en -o out.oga
oggenc  -b  192  -a "The Tea Party" -l "Triptych" -t "Touch" track01.wav -t "Underground"
oggenc -

openvt can be used to start a shell on the next free VT, by using the command:
openvt bash
openvt -l bash
openvt -- ls -l

openvt can be used to start a shell on the next free VT, by using the command:
openvt bash
openvt -l bash
openvt -- ls -l

pam_tally was written by Tim Baverstock and Tomas Mraz.

pam_tally2 was written by Tim Baverstock and Tomas Mraz.

pam_timestamp_check(8), pam.conf(5), pam.d(5), pam(8)

partx --show /dev/sdb3
partx --show --nr 3 /dev/sdb
partx --show /dev/sdb3 /dev/sdb
partx --show - /dev/sdb3
partx -o START -g --nr 3 /dev/sdb
partx -o SECTORS,SIZE /dev/sda5 /dev/sda
partx --add --nr 3:5 /dev/sdd
partx -d --nr :-1 /dev/sdd

pbmtoppa was derived, see <http://www.httptech.com/ppa>.

pcimodules
pcimodules --class 0x20000 --classmask 0xffff00
pcimodules was written by Adam J. Richter <[email protected]>, based on public  domain  example
pcimodules  is  copyright  2000,  Yggdrasil Computing, Incorporated, and may be copied under the

pivot_root . old-root
pivot_root . old_root

pkill and pgrep were introduced in Sun's Solaris 7.  This implementation is fully compatible.

pnmtofiasco < foo.ppm >foo.wfa
pnmtofiasco -2 -p "IBBPBBPBB" -fps 15 -o video.wfa foo0*.ppm

pnmtojpeg --quality=60 foo.ppm > foo.jpg
pnmtojpeg, checks thoroughly for any lack of compliance with these restrictions, but does little

pnmtorle -v file.ppm -o file.rle
pnmtorle -h file.pgm

pod2man program > program.1
pod2man SomeModule.pm /usr/perl/man/man3/SomeModule.3
pod2man --section=7 note.pod > note.7

podebconf-report-po --call
podebconf-report-po will ask confirmation to send the mail to the mailing list.

policyeditor
policyeditor -file $HOME/.config/icedtea-web/security/java.policy

ppmqvga -d my_image.ppm | ppmtogif >my_image.gif

ppmtoicr ppmfile
ppmtoicr ppmfile > filename

pppd call isp
pppd proxyarp

prezip-bin -d <wordlist.cwl >wordlist.txt
prezip-bin -z <wordlist.txt >wordlist.pz 2>errors.txt
prezip-bin -d <words.pz | aspell create master ./words.rws
prezip-bin-0.1.2                               2005-09-30                                 PREZIP-BIN(1)

prune -n B test.gv
prune -n B -N color=red test.gv
prune returns 0 on successful completion.  It returns 1 if an error occurs.
prune(1)

ps -e
ps -ef
ps -eF
ps -ely
ps ax
ps axu
ps -ejH
ps axjf
ps -eLf
ps axms
ps -eo euser,ruser,suser,fuser,f,comm,label
ps axZ
ps -eM
ps -U root -u root u
ps -eo pid,tid,class,rtprio,ni,pri,psr,pcpu,stat,wchan:14,comm
ps axo stat,euid,ruid,tty,tpgid,sess,pgrp,ppid,pid,pcpu,comm
ps -Ao pid,tt,user,fname,tmout,f,wchan
ps -C syslogd -o pid=
ps -p 42 -o comm=

ps2eps was written by Roland Bless.

ps2pdf figure.ps
ps2pdf -dPDFSETTINGS=/prepress figure.ps proof.pdf

rc-alert  was  written  by Anthony DeRobertis and modified by Julian Gilbey <[email protected]> and

readom dev=2,0 f=cdimage.raw
readom dev=2,0 sectors=150-10000 f=cdimage.raw
readom dev=2,0 -w f=cdimage.raw
readom.
readom: I/O error. test unit ready: scsi sendcmd: no error

readprofile | sort -nr | less
readprofile | sort -nr +2 | head -20
readprofile | grep _ext2
readprofile -av | less
readprofile -p ~/profile.freeze -m /zImage.map.gz
readprofile only works with an 1.3.x or newer kernel, because /proc/profile changed in the  step

resize program may be installed as sunsize, which causes makes it assume the -s option.

rletopnm --verbose lenna.rle >lenna.ppm
rletopnm --headerdump file.rle
rletopnm --alphaout=dartalpha.pgm dart.rle >dart.ppm

route add -net 127.0.0.0 netmask 255.0.0.0 dev lo
route add -net 192.56.76.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 dev eth0
route del default
route add default gw mango-gw
route add ipx4 sl0
route add -net 192.57.66.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw ipx4
route add -net 224.0.0.0 netmask 240.0.0.0 dev eth0
route add -net 10.0.0.0 netmask 255.0.0.0 reject
route cache misses (-F) or hits (-C).

rsync -Cavz . arvidsjaur:backup
rsync -avuzb --exclude '*~' samba:samba/ .
rsync -Cavuzb . samba:samba/
rsync -az -e ssh --delete ~ftp/pub/samba nimbus:"~ftp/pub/tridge"

run-parts --list --regex '^p.*d$' /etc
run-parts is free software; see the GNU General Public License version 2 or  later  for  copying

scanimage -L
scanimage >image.pnm
scanimage -x 100 -y 100 --format=tiff >image.tiff
scanimage -h
scanimage will attempt to open the first available device.
scanimage -f " scanner number %i device %d is a %t, model %m, produced by %v "

sdptool browse 00:80:98:24:15:6D
sdptool browse local
sdptool add DUN
sdptool del 0x10000
sdptool(1)

setarch ppc32 rpmbuild --target=ppc --rebuild foo.src.rpm
setarch ppc32 -v -vL3 rpmbuild --target=ppc --rebuild bar.src.rpm
setarch ppc32 --32bit rpmbuild --target=ppc --rebuild foo.src.rpm

setfacl -m u:lisa:r file
setfacl -m m::rx file
setfacl -x g:staff file

shar *.c > cprog.shar
shar -Q *.[ch] > cprog.shar
shar -B -l28 -oarc.sh *.arc
shar -f /lcl/src/u*.c > u.sh

skill -KILL -t /dev/pts/*
skill -STOP -u viro -u lm -u davem

smbget -R smb://rhonwyn/jelmer/src
smbget -r smb://rhonwyn/isos/FreeBSD5.1.iso
smbget -Rr smb://rhonwyn/isos
smbget -Rr smb://rhonwyn/

snice -c seti -c crack +7

software-center
software-center gedit
software-center banshee?section=universe
software-center adobe-flashplugin?channel=maverick-partner
software-center cheese,gtg
software-center /home/pgg/skype.deb
software-center  was written by Michael Vogt <[email protected]>, and this manual page by Andrew

sort-dctrl /var/lib/dpkg/available
sort-dctrl -k Version:v /var/lib/dpkg/available
sort-dctrl -k Version:vr /var/lib/dpkg/available
sort-dctrl -k Package,Version:v /var/lib/dpkg/available
sort-dctrl -k Installed-Size:n,Size:nr /var/lib/dpkg/available

splain, you should expect a bit of whimsy.

split-logfile < /var/log/apache2/other_vhosts_access.log

sudo is provided ``AS IS'' and any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited to,

sudoreplay is provided ``AS IS'' and any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited

synclient EdgeMotionMinSpeed=0

sysctl.conf(5) regex(7)

tar -cf archive.tar foo bar
tar -tvf archive.tar
tar -xf archive.tar
tar(5), symlink(7), rmt(8)

tcpdmatch in.telnetd localhost
tcpdmatch in.telnetd 127.0.0.1
tcpdmatch in.telnetd paranoid

tcpdump host sundown
tcpdump host helios and \( hot or ace \)
tcpdump ip host ace and not helios
tcpdump net ucb-ether
tcpdump 'gateway snup and (port ftp or ftp-data)'
tcpdump ip and not net localnet
tcpdump 'tcp[tcpflags] & (tcp-syn|tcp-fin) != 0 and not src and dst net localnet'
tcpdump 'tcp port 80 and (((ip[2:2] - ((ip[0]&0xf)<<2)) - ((tcp[12]&0xf0)>>2)) != 0)'
tcpdump 'gateway snup and ip[2:2] > 576'
tcpdump 'ether[0] & 1 = 0 and ip[16] >= 224'
tcpdump 'icmp[icmptype] != icmp-echo and icmp[icmptype] != icmp-echoreply'

time wc /etc/hosts
time -f "\t%E real,\t%U user,\t%S sys" ls -Fs
time -a -o log emacs bork
time was written by David MacKenzie.  This man page was added by Dirk Eddelbuettel

tput init
tput -T5620 reset
tput cup 0 0
tput clear
tput cols
tput -T450 cols
tput hc
tput cup 23 4
tput cup
tput longname
tput -S <<!
tput prints the following error messages and sets the corresponding exit codes.
tput -T450 lines and tput -T2621 xmc)

ucf /usr/share/foo/configuration /etc/foo.conf
ucf --purge /etc/foo.conf
ucf.conf(5),  ucfr(1), ucfq(1), and diff3(1).  The Debian Emacs policy, shipped with the package

ucfr foo /etc/foo.conf
ucfr --purge foo /etc/foo.conf

ufw deny 53
ufw allow 80/tcp
ufw allow from 10.0.0.0/8
ufw allow from 172.16.0.0/12
ufw allow from 192.168.0.0/16
ufw deny proto udp from 1.2.3.4 to any port 514
ufw allow proto udp from 1.2.3.5 port 5469 to 1.2.3.4 port 5469
ufw does support adding rules before enabling the firewall, so administrators can do:
ufw allow proto tcp from any to any port 22
ufw  supports application integration by reading profiles located in /etc/ufw/applications.d. To
ufw app list
ufw allow <name>
ufw allow from 192.168.0.0/16 to any app <name>
ufw app info <name>
ufw app update <name>
ufw app update --add-new <name>
ufw app default <policy>
ufw supports multiple logging levels. ufw defaults to a loglevel of 'low' when a loglevel is not
ufw logging LEVEL

uniconvertor drawing.cdr drawing.svg

unzip letters
unzip -j letters
unzip -tq letters
unzip -tq \*.zip
unzip -ca letters \*.tex | more
unzip -p articles paper1.dvi | dvips
unzip source.zip "*.[fch]" Makefile -d /tmp
unzip -C source.zip "*.[fch]" makefile -d /tmp
unzip -aaCL source.zip "*.[fch]" makefile -d /tmp
unzip -fo sources
unzip -uo sources
unzip -v
unzip -l file.zip
unzip -ql file.zip
unzip --ql file.zip
unzip -l-q file.zip
unzip -l--q file.zip

unzipsfx  has  no  knowledge  of the user's PATH, so in general an archive must either be in the
unzipsfx will print a warning to the effect, ``can't find myself.''  This is always  true  under
unzipsfx smaller:  usage and diagnostic info, listing functions and extraction to other directo-
unzipsfx on the Amiga requires the use of a special program, MakeSFX, in order to create working
unzipsfx's exit status (error level) is identical to that of unzip(1); see the corresponding man

update-alternatives --display vi
update-alternatives --config vi
update-alternatives --auto vi

update-binfmts --package javawrapper \
update-binfmts is copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010,

update-exim4.conf changes the file permissions of the output file to the value of  the  environ-
update-exim4.conf evaluates these patterns in /etc/exim4/update-exim4.conf.conf:

update-inetd --comment-chars '#' --disable login,shell,exec,telnet
update-inetd --comment-chars '#' --disable time,daytime
update-inetd --enable time,daytime
update-inetd --comment-chars '#' --pattern tcp --disable time,daytime
update-inetd               --group               MAIL              --add              \

update-initramfs -u
update-initramfs -c -k 2.6.18-1-686

update-rc.d foobar defaults
update-rc.d foobar start 20 2 3 4 5 . stop 20 0 1 6 .
update-rc.d foobar start 30 2 3 4 5 . stop 70 0 1 6 .
update-rc.d script_for_A defaults 80 20
update-rc.d script_for_B defaults 90 10
update-rc.d top_level_app defaults 98 02
update-rc.d script_depends_on_svc20 defaults 21 19
update-rc.d foobar remove
update-rc.d -f foobar remove
update-rc.d foobar stop 20 2 3 4 5 .
update-rc.d foobar start 45 S . stop 31 0 6 .
update-rc.d -f foobar remove
update-rc.d foobar stop 45 S .

updatedb -l 0 -o db_file -U source_directory

upstart-local-bridge --event=foo --path=/var/foo/bar
upstart-local-bridge --event=bar --path=@/var/foo/bar

virt-image(5), virt-install(1), the project website "http://virt-manager.org"

virtlockd (libvirt) 1.1.1
virtlockd is distributed under the terms of the GNU LGPL v2.1+.  This is free software; see the

vnstat Display traffic summary for the default interface.
vnstat -i eth0+eth1+eth3
vnstat -i eth2 --xml
vnstat -u -i eth0
vnstat -u -i eth0 --nick local
vnstat -i eth2 --delete
vnstatd(1), vnstati(1), vnstat.conf(5), proc(5), ifconfig(8), units(7)

vorbiscomment -l file.ogg
vorbiscomment -l file.ogg > file.txt
vorbiscomment -w -c file.txt file.ogg newfile.ogg
vorbiscomment -a -t 'ARTIST=No One You Know' file.ogg newfile.ogg
vorbiscomment -a file.ogg

watch -n 60 from
watch -d ls -l
watch -d 'ls -l | fgrep joe'
watch echo $$
watch echo '$$'
watch echo "'"'$$'"'"
watch -n 10 sleep 1
watch uname -r

who-permits-upload --search=sponsor [email protected]
who-permits-upload -s=sponsor "Arno Toll"
who-permits-upload apache2
who-permits-upload --search=uid "Paul Tagliamonte"
who-permits-upload was written by Arno Toll <[email protected]> and is licensed under the terms of

wodim -v speed=2 dev=2,0 cdimage.raw
wodim runs at priority 59 on Solaris, you should run genisoimage at no more than priority 58. On
wodim -v speed=1 dev=/dev/cdrw -audio track*.cdaudio
wodim -v -dummy speed=2 dev=/dev/cdrw -audio track*.cdaudio
wodim -v dev=2,0 cdimage.raw -audio track*.cdaudio
wodim dev=/dev/cdrw -v -dao -useinfo -text  *.wav
wodim dev=2,0 -v -dao -audio -useinfo -text *.inf

word-list-compress d <wordlist.cwl >wordlist.txt
word-list-compress c <wordlist.wl >wordlist.cwl 2>errors.txt
word-list-compress d <words.cwl | aspell create master ./words.rws

wpa_supplicant -B -c/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf -iwlan0
wpa_supplicant -c/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf -iwlan0 -d
wpa_supplicant -Dnl80211,wext -c/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf -iwlan0
wpa_supplicant can control multiple interfaces (radios) either by running one process  for  each
wpa_supplicant \
wpa_supplicant  was  designed  to be portable for different drivers and operating systems. Hope-
wpa_supplicant.conf
wpa_supplicant
wpa_supplicant with following command to start it on foreground with debugging enabled:
wpa_supplicant -iwlan0 -c/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf -d
wpa_supplicant -iwlan0 -c/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf -B

xargs sh -c 'emacs "$@" < /dev/tty' emacs
xargs exits with the following status:

xdg-desktop-icon install ./shinythings-webmirror.desktop
xdg-desktop-icon install ./shinythings-README

xdg-desktop-menu install ./shinythings-webmirror.desktop
xdg-desktop-menu install ./shinythings-webmirror.directory \
xdg-desktop-menu install --noupdate ./shinythings-webmirror.directory \
xdg-desktop-menu install --noupdate ./shinythings-webmirror.directory \
xdg-desktop-menu forceupdate

xdg-email 'Jeremy White <[email protected]>'
xdg-email --attach /tmp/logo.png \
xdg-email --subject 'Your password is about to expire' \

xdg-icon-resource install --size 64 shinythings-myfoobar.png
xdg-icon-resource install --context mimetypes --size 48 ./mime-foobar-48.png application-x-foobar
xdg-icon-resource install --context mimetypes --size 64 ./mime-foobar-64.png application-x-foobar

xdg-mime query filetype /tmp/foobar.png
xdg-mime query default image/png
xdg-mime install shinythings-shiny.xml

xdg-open 'http://www.freedesktop.org/'
xdg-open /tmp/foobar.png

xdg-screensaver suspend 0x1c00007

xdg-settings get default-web-browser
xdg-settings check default-web-browser firefox.desktop
xdg-settings set default-web-browser google-chrome.desktop

xinit   This will start up a server named X and run the user's .xinitrc, if it exists,  or  else
xinit -- /usr/local/bin/Xvnc  :1
xinit -geometry =80x65+10+10 -fn 8x13 -j -fg white -bg navy
xinit -e widgets -- ./Xorg -l -c
xinit /usr/ucb/rsh fasthost cpupig -display ws:1 --  :1 -a 2 -t 5
xinit /usr/local/lib/site.xinitrc -- /usr/bin/X -br

xrandr  --output  LVDS --auto --rotate normal --pos 0x0 --output VGA --auto --rotate left
xrandr --newmode "1024x768" 63.50  1024 1072 1176 1328  768 771 775 798 -hsync +vsync
xrandr --addmode VGA 1024x768
xrandr --output VGA --mode 1024x768
xrandr --fb 1600x768 --output VGA --mode 1024x768 --panning 1600x0
xrandr  --fb  3200x2000  --output  LVDS  --scale 2.5x2.5 --output VGA --pos 0x0 --panning
xrandr --fb 1024x768 --output VGA --transform 1.24,0.16,-124,0,1.24,0,0,0.000316,1

xz foo
xz -dk bar.xz
xz -dcf a.txt b.txt.xz c.txt d.txt.lzma > abcd.txt
xz --robot --list *.xz | awk '/^totals/{print $5-$4}'
xz --lzma2=preset=1,dict=32MiB foo.tar
xz -vv --lzma2=dict=192MiB big_foo.tar

zenity  --title="Select a file to remove" --file-selection
zenity   --title  "Select  Host" --entry --text "Select the host you would like to flood-
zenity   --question  --title "Alert"  --text "Microsoft Windows has been found! Would you
zenity --notification --window-icon=update.png --text "System update necessary!"
zenity --list --checklist --column "Buy" --column "Item" TRUE Apples TRUE  Oranges  FALSE

zip stuff *
zip stuff .* *
zip -r foo foo
zip -j foo foo/*
zip -rm foo foo/tom
zip -rm foo foo/dick
zip -rm foo foo/harry
zip command, the last created archive is deleted, making room for the next zip command to  func-
zip -s 2g -r split.zip foo
zip inarchive.zip foo.c bar.c --out outarchive.zip
zip archive "*.[hc]"
zip archive "[a-f]*"
zip archive "*.[!o]"

zipinfo storage
zipinfo -l storage
zipinfo --h-t storage
zipinfo storage \*
zipinfo storage
zipinfo -t storage            [only totals line]
zipinfo -st storage           [full listing]
zipinfo -m storage unshrink.c
zipinfo -mt storage "*.[ch]" Mak\*
zipinfo -v storage | more
zipinfo -T storage | sort -nr -k 7 | sed 15q
zipinfo's listing-format behavior is unnecessarily complex and should be simplified.   (This  is

zipnote foo.zip > foo.tmp
zipnote -w foo.zip < foo.tmp